The term ‘nabob’ is derived from the Urdu word ‘nawab’, which itself comes from the Arabic word ‘naib’, meaning deputy or governor. In the context of British India, ‘nabob’ took on a specific meaning:
1. Original meaning: In the Mughal Empire, a nawab was a provincial governor or viceroy.
2. British usage: The British adopted the term ‘nabob’ to refer to Englishmen who had become wealthy through their involvement in the East India Company’s activities in India.
British officials were given this title post the Battles of Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764) for several reasons:
1. Sudden wealth: After these battles, many British officials amassed enormous fortunes through various means, including:
- Territorial control and revenue collection
- Private trade
- Accepting ‘gifts’ from Indian rulers and merchants
2. Power and influence: These battles significantly increased British control over Bengal and other parts of India, giving Company officials unprecedented power.
3. Lavish lifestyles: Many of these officials returned to Britain with their newfound wealth, living extravagantly and often buying their way into British high society and politics.
4. Cultural impact: The term became associated with ostentatious displays of wealth and a degree of cultural hybridity, as these men often brought back Indian customs and goods.
5. Criticism: The term also carried negative connotations, with ‘nabobs’ often criticized for corruption, exploitation, and bringing ‘oriental’ influences to British society.
6. Political implications: The wealth and influence of returning ‘nabobs’ became a matter of concern in British politics, leading to increased scrutiny of the East India Company’s activities.
The use of this term reflects the complex cultural and economic exchanges that occurred during the early period of British colonialism in India. It highlights how the conquest of India not only changed the subcontinent but also had significant impacts on British society and politics.